Abstract
Background. This research aimed to compare functional groups and surface morphology of dental and peri-implant calculus. Methods: Six patients with anterior lower jaw dental implants were included. Calculus samples were collected from the implant surfaces and the corresponding contralateral natural teeth. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses were performed. Results. Distinct differences were observed between dental and peri-implant calculus in both functional groups and surface structure. FTIR analysis revealed higher intensity of oxygen-related bond peaks around 3426–3428 cm⁻¹ in implant calculus, along with increased signals for C=C stretching near 1646–1649 cm⁻¹, suggesting variations in the organic matrix. Additional peaks at 2919–2921 cm⁻¹ and 1451–1456 cm⁻¹ were present in both groups, indicating aliphatic C–H bonds. FESEM imaging showed that dental calculus exhibited a compact surface with dense microbial plaque and minimal porosity, while peri-implant calculus displayed a layered architecture with multiple pores ranging from approximately 1–3 µm. These morphological differences suggest divergent mineralization patterns and biofilm retention mechanisms. Conclusion. These differences suggest distinct mechanisms of plaque retention and mineralization in peri-implant versus natural tooth environments, potentially influenced by environmental and biological factors. These findings may offer insights that inform preventive strategies and ultimately improve implant longevity.