Abstract
Introduction: This research aimed to compare functional groups and surface morphology of dental and peri-implant calculus.
Methods: Six patients with dental implants in the anterior lower jaw were included. Calculus samples were collected from the implant surfaces and the corresponding contralateral natural teeth. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses were performed.
Results: Distinct differences were observed between dental and peri-implant calculus in both functional groups and surface structure. FTIR analysis revealed higher intensity of oxygen-related bond peaks around 3426–3428 cm-1 in implant calculus, along with increased signals for C=C stretching near 1646–1649 cm-1, suggesting variations in the organic matrix. Additional peaks at 2919–2921 cm-1 and 1451–1456 cm-1 were present in both groups, indicating aliphatic C–H bonds. FESEM imaging revealed that dental calculus had a compact surface, dense microbial plaque, and minimal porosity. In contrast, peri-implant calculus displayed a layered architecture with multiple pores ranging from approximately 1–3 µm in diameter. These morphological differences suggest divergent mineralization patterns and biofilm retention mechanisms.
Conclusion: These differences suggest distinct mechanisms of plaque retention and mineralization in peri-implant versus natural tooth environments, potentially influenced by environmental and biological factors. These findings may offer insights that inform preventive strategies and ultimately improve implant longevity.